Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Gaucher durante la infancia / Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric Gaucher disease

El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Gaucher infantil presentan dificultades debido a su variabilidad clínica. Tres pediatras expertos en la enfermedad han propuesto una serie de recomendaciones generales al respecto. El paciente debe ser asistido por un equipo multidisciplinario, en un centro pediátrico con experiencia en el tratamiento de enfermedades metabólicas. El diagnóstico del paciente sintomático se garantiza con la anamnesis, el examen físico (afectación visceral, hematológica, esquelética y/o del sistema nervioso central), los exámenes complementarios y la confirmación mediante un estudio enzimático y genético. Los objetivos terapéuticos son recuperar al paciente de los síntomas que presenta, modificar beneficiosamente la evolución natural de la enfermedad y evitar el desarrollo de asociaciones patológicas. En los pacientes sin patología neurológica menores de 20 años de edad es obligado el tratamiento enzimático sustitutivo i.v., pero en patología neurológica no ejerce efecto sobre el sistema nervioso central, aunque puede utilizarse en la forma tipo III para mejorar las manifestaciones viscerales y óseas (AU)

The diagnosis and treatment of pediatric Gaucher disease is difficult due to its clinical variability. Three pediatricians, experts in the disease, have proposed a series of recommendations regarding the subject. The patient must be taken care of by a multidisciplinary team, in a pediatric center with experience in metabolic diseases. The diagnosis of the symptomatic patient is guaranteed by the anamnesis, physical exam (visceral, hematologic, skeletal and/or CNS involvement), complementary exams and confirmation by means of enzymatic and genetic studies. The therapeutic objectives are recovery from exhibited symptoms, beneficial modification of the natural course of the disease and avoidance of development of associated pathology. In patients with no neurologic pathology <20 years old, iv enzymatic replacement therapy is mandatory but in case of neurologic pathology it does not exert an effect on SNC, although it may be used in type III to improve visceral and bone manifestations (AU)

[A guide to the clinical diagnosis and urgent treatment of neonatal hyperammonaemia]. / Guía clínica de diagnóstico y tratamiento urgente de hiperamonemia neonatal.

Symptomatic hyperammonaemia in newborn is a medical emergency that should be recognised in its early stages, specifically diagnosed and aggressively treated to improve the immediate and long-term prognosis of these children. The paediatrician and the neonatal doctor should have a diagnosis-therapy scheme for its urgent management.

Guía clínica de diagnóstico y tratamiento urgente de hiperamonemia neonatal / A guide to the clinical diagnosis and urgent treatment of neonatal hyperammonaemia

La hiperamonemia sintomática en el recién nacido es una urgencia médica que debe reconocerse de manera precoz, diagnosticarse de manera específica y tratarse de forma intensiva para mejorar el pronóstico inmediato y a largo plazo de estos niños. Para esto, es necesario que el pediatra en general y el neonatólogo en particular tengan presente una secuencia diagnostico terapéutica de actitud inmediata que contribuya a una adecuada actuación (AU)

Symptomatic hyperammonaemia in newborn is a medical emergency that should be recognised in its early stages, specifically diagnosed and aggressively treated to improve the immediate and long-term prognosis of these children. The paediatrician and the neonatal doctor should have a diagnosis-therapy scheme for its urgent management (AU)

[Inborn errors of metabolism as rare diseases with a specific global situation]. / Los errores congénitos del metabolismo como enfermedades raras con un planteamiento global específico.

So-called congenital metabolic diseases (CMD) are a consequence of biochemical alterations originating in the genes that result in the alteration of a protein. Depending on this protein's function - whether as an enzyme, a hormone, a receiver-transporter of a cellular membrane or forming part of a cellular organelle (lysosome, peroxysome) - different groups of diseases emerge, which cause the most outstanding characteristic of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM): their clinical heterogeneity. The majority of these diseases are autosomal recessive, with a limited number of asymptomatic carriers, but there are also those ruled by an autonomous, dominant character inheritance or linked to the X chromosome. Taken individually, CMDs are highly infrequent, but taken as a whole CMDs (of which over 500 have been described to date) can affect 1/500 of the newborn. A common characteristic of many CMDs is the possibility of dietary treatment and treatment with enzymatic replacement. For essentially didactic purposes the following groups should be considered: CMDs of the intermediary metabolism (whose types are intoxication and energy deficit), CMDs of cellular organelles, complex CMDs due to cycle alterations and others. A summary is presented of the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of one disease of each type of those previously described: hyperphenylalaninemias, deficiencies of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorilation (OXPHOS) and lysosomal storage diseases.

Los defectos del ciclo de la urea en el neonato: una urgencia vital / Defects of urea cycle in newborn: a life-threatening emergency

Los defectos congénitos del ciclo de la urea son urgencias vitales en el recién nacido. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado en cada caso son imprescindibles para asegurar la supervivencia y el mejor desarrollo posible de los niños afectados. Desde esta perspectiva es muy importante que los médicos responsables de la atención de los recién nacidos tengan los conocimientos y habilidades necesarios para ello (AU)

Inherited disorders of the urea cycle are life-treating emergencies in the newborn. Early diagnosis and proper treatment in each case essential to ensure the survival and the best possible development of children affected. From this perspective it is very important that doctors responsible for the medical care of newborns have the knowledge and skills necessary to do so (AU)

Los errores congénitos del metabolismo como enfermedades raras con un planteamiento global específico / Inborn errors of metabolism as rare diseases with a specific global situation

Las llamadas enfermedades congénitas del metabolismo(ECM) son consecuencia de alteraciones bioquímicasde origen génico que tienen como consecuencia la alteraciónde una proteína. Dependiendo de la función de estaproteína, ya sea como un enzima; como una hormona; comoun receptor-transportador de membrana celular; o formandoparte de una organela celular (lisosoma, peroxisoma)surgen diferentes grupos de enfermedades, lo cual originala característica más destacada de los errores innatos delmetabolismo (EIM) que es su gran heterogeneidad clínica.La mayoría de estas enfermedades son autosómico-recesivas,con un número limitado de portadores asintomáticos,pero también las hay regidas por una herencia de carácterautonómica dominante o ligada al cromosoma X. Uno a uno,realmente los ECM son muy poco frecuentes pero en suconjunto los ECM (de los cuales hay descritos en el momentoactual más de 500) pueden afectar al 1/500 recién nacidos.Una característica común a muchos ECM es la posibilidadde tratamiento dietético y el tratamiento con sustituciónenzimática.Desde el punto de vista práctico es útil considerar suclasificacion atendiendo al momento de inicio de los síntomasy a la forma de presentación de las manifestaciones clínicas.Desde esta perspectiva y con fines fundamentalmentedidácticos se deben considerar los siguientes grupos:ECM del metabolismo intermediario, (tipo intoxicación, ytipo déficit energético). Errores congénitos del metabolismode las organelas celulares, y EMCM complejos por alteraciónde ciclos y otros. Se presentan de forma resumidalos aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de unaenfermedad de cada tipo de las descritas anteriormente:hiperfenilalaninemias, deficiencias de la fosforilación oxidativamitocondrial (OXPHOS) y enfermedades lisosomales

So-called congenital metabolic diseases (CMD) are aconsequence of biochemical alterations originating in thegenes that result in the alteration of a protein. Dependingon this protein’s function - whether as an enzyme, a hormone,a receiver-transporter of a cellular membrane orforming part of a cellular organelle (lysosome, peroxysome)– different groups of diseases emerge, which cause the mostoutstanding characteristic of inborn errors of metabolism(IEM): their clinical heterogeneity. The majority of these diseasesare autosomal recessive, with a limited number ofasymptomatic carriers, but there are also those ruled by anautonomous, dominant character inheritance or linked tothe X chromosome. Taken individually, CMDs are highlyinfrequent, but taken as a whole CMDs (of which over 500have been described to date) can affect 1/500 of the newborn.A common characteristic of many CMDs is the possibilityof dietary treatment and treatment with enzymaticreplacement.For essentially didactic purposes the following groupsshould be considered: CMDs of the intermediary metabolism(whose types are intoxication and energy deficit),CMDs of cellular organelles, complex CMDs due to cyclealterations and others. A summary is presented of the clinical,diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of one disease ofeach type of those previously described: hyperphenylalaninemias,deficiencies of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorilation(OXPHOS) and lysosomal storage diseases

[A randomized single-blind trial of the effects of vitamins C and E in familial hypercholesterolemia]. / Ensayo aleatorizado ciego-sencillo sobre los efectos de las vitaminas C y E en la hipercolesterolemia familiar.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antioxidant vitamin C and E administration on dyslipidemia, plasma fatty acid composition, and biochemical inflammatory markers in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). PATIENTS: Forty girls and boys with heterozygous FH, aged between 2 and 18 years, and with plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels higher than 160 mg/dl were studied. METHODS: We performed an open longitudinal randomized trial over a 1-year period. All children followed a dietary intervention according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-1 guidelines and were randomized into two groups. One group (n = 21) received therapy with vitamin C (500 mg twice a day) and vitamin E (400 IU per day). A second group (n = 19) did not receive vitamin therapy. RESULTS: In patients receiving antioxidant vitamins, plasma linoleic acid levels (18:2 omega-6) significantly increased and the essential fatty acid deficiency ratio significantly decreased (Mead/arachidonic acid: 20:4 omega-6/20:3 omega-9). No significant differences were observed in plasma lipid profile, adhesion molecules, or reactive C protein. CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidant vitamin therapy in children with heterozygous FH modifies the plasma fatty acid profile. These modifications are independent of the degree of dyslipidemia and may represent an indicator of reduced cardiovascular risk.

Ensayo aleatorizado ciego-sencillo sobre los efectos de las vitaminas C y E en la hipercolesterolemia familiar / A randomized single-blind trial of the effects of vitamins C and E in familial hypercholesterolemia

Introducción El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar el efecto de la administración de las vitaminas antioxidantes C y E sobre la dislipemia, la composición de los ácidos grasos en plasma y los marcadores bioquímicos de inflamación en niños afectados de hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) heterozigótica. Pacientes Cuarenta niños de ambos sexos afectados de HF heterozigótica, de edades comprendidas entre 2 y 18 años, y con valores de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (c-LDL) en plasma superiores a 160 mg/dl. Métodos Estudio aleatorizado longitudinal abierto de un año de duración. Todos los niños siguieron una intervención dietaria de acuerdo con las guías National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-1) y fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos. El primer grupo (n = 21), recibió una terapia con vitamina C (500 mg dos veces al día) y vitamina E (400 U/día). Un segundo grupo (n = 19) no recibió terapia alguna con vitaminas. Resultados Los pacientes que recibieron vitaminas antioxidantes presentaron un aumento significativo en los niveles de ácido linoleico (18:2 ω-6) en plasma y un descenso significativo en el índice de deficiencia de ácidos grasos esenciales (Mead/araquidónico: 20:3 ω-9/20:4 ω-6). No se observaron diferencias significativas en el perfil lipídico en plasma, moléculas de adhesión o proteína C reactiva. Conclusiones La terapia con vitaminas antioxidantes en niños con HF heterozigótica muestra modificaciones del perfil de ácidos grasos que son independientes del grado de dislipemia y podría representar un indicador de disminución de riesgo cardiovascular

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antioxidant vitamin C and E administration on dyslipidemia, plasma fatty acid composition, and biochemical inflammatory markers in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Patients Forty girls and boys with heterozygous FH, aged between 2 and 18 years, and with plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels higher than 160 mg/dl were studied. Methods We performed an open longitudinal randomized trial over a 1-year period. All children followed a dietary intervention according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-1 guidelines and were randomized into two groups. One group (n = 21) received therapy with vitamin C (500 mg twice a day) and vitamin E (400 IU per day). A second group (n = 19) did not receive vitamin therapy. Results In patients receiving antioxidant vitamins, plasma linoleic acid levels (18:2 ω-6) significantly increased and the essential fatty acid deficiency ratio significantly decreased (Mead/arachidonic acid: 20:4 ω-6/20:3 ω-9). No significant differences were observed in plasma lipid profile, adhesion molecules, or reactive C protein. Conclusions Antioxidant vitamin therapy in children with heterozygous FH modifies the plasma fatty acid profile. These modifications are independent of the degree of dyslipidemia and may represent an indicator of reduced cardiovascular risk

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid administration on plasma lipid profile and metabolic parameters of children with methylmalonic acidaemia.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on dyslipidaemia, plasma fatty acid composition and metabolic parameters of children with isolated methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA) (McKusick 25100). METHODS: Four children (3 male, 1 female) with MMA (mut(0)), participated in a crossover, randomized study of DHA administration (25 mg/kg per day, divided into three daily doses). The control group comprised 56 healthy children, aged 10+/- 2.7 years, (51 male, 5 female), who were followed in our clinic owing to possible familial risk of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: The comparison of plasma fatty acid composition of children with MMA versus control children demonstrated that the patients had significantly higher values for oleic acid (p = 0.004) and linolenic acid (p = 0.008). No differences were observed in the levels of DHA and arachidonic acid. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glycine, ammonia, total cholesterol and cholesterol fractions did not change with DHA administration. No significant changes were observed in urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid. As expected, the percentage of DHA and n-3 fatty acids in plasma increased significantly after therapy (p = 0.005 and 0.014, respectively). The most remarkable result was a decrease of plasma levels of triglycerides after DHA therapy (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: As previously found in normal children, dietary supplementation with DHA decreases the triglyceride levels, normalizing the hypertriglyceridaemia of these children without any evidence of short-term adverse effects.

Guía clínica para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la enfermedad de Gaucher en la infancia / Clinical guidelines for the diagnostic, treatment and follow-up of pediatric Gaucher disease

No disponible

No disponible

Dietary threonine reduces plasma phenylalanine levels in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia.

BACKGROUND: In order to achieve normal intellectual development, the plasma phe-nylalanine (PHE) levels of patients with hyperphenylalaninemia should not exceed toxic levels. This goal is usually accomplished by employing special diets in which the patient's protein intake is in the form of PHE-free mixtures of amino acids. There is evidence from our own observations in animals and a preliminary observation in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia that supplemental dietary threonine (THR) might decrease plasma PHE concentrations. METHODS: In this placebo-controlled crossover study, the effect of supplemental oral THR on the plasma amino acid concentrations of 12 patients with hyperphenylalaninemia was investigated. Before starting the first treatment period of this cross-over study, the patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups supplemented either with approximately 50 mg THR/kg per day or with a similar amount of maltodextrin as placebo. After a feeding period of 8 weeks and a wash-out period of 8 weeks, the supplements were crossed over and the study continued for an additional 8 weeks. Blood was obtained at the start and the end of each supplementation period. RESULTS: Dietary THR supplementation of approximately 50 mg/kg per day resulted in a significant decrease of plasma PHE levels ( P = 0.0234). There was a close positive correlation between plasma and urinary PHE concentrations ( P < 0.001) indicating that the lower plasma PHE levels in the THR supplemented patients were not caused by higher urinary excretion of PHE. CONCLUSIONS: The data of the present study show that oral THR supplementation has a clear plasma-PHE-reducing effect but they do not allow any conclusion about the mechanisms responsible for the observed effect. Although it seems attractive on the basis of the present data to use THR supplementation in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia, the mechanism of the observed effect should be clarified before introduction of such a treatment in these patients.

[Tissue antioxidant capacity and bacterial translocation in parenteral nutrition. Experimental study]. / Capacidad antioxidante tisular y traslocación bacteriana bajo nutrición parenteral. Estudio experimental.

Alterations in the antioxidant system (AS) has been observed during total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Light exposure or changes in the composition of TPN may affect this deleterious effect. On the other hand, bacterial translocation (BT) is frequent under TPN and may be related to AS. The aim of the study was to determine the adverse effect of standard and glutamine-enriched (GE) TPN, with or without light exposure, on the AS, and its relationship to BT. Forty-nine adult Wistar rats underwent central venous cannulation and were randomly assigned to one of five groups: Sham (n = 16): chow and water ad libitum and saline i.v. TPN (n = 10): had standard TPN. TPN(-) (n = 8): standard TPN without light-exposure. GTPN (n = 8): GE TPN. GTPN(-) (n = 7): GE TPN without light exposure. After 10 days, glutation reduced (GSH) was determined in liver and kidney. Mesenteric lymph nodes, peripheral and portal blood samples were cultured for BT. Comparing to Sham rats, TPN groups had statistically significant lower GSH levels, but there were no differences between standard or GE groups nor with or without light exposure groups. Sham animals had 12% BT. Significantly higher BT (p < 0.05) was found in TPN rats: 70% in TPN group, 88% in TPN(-) group, 86% in GTPN(-) animals and only 50% in GTPN group (p = 0.06 vs TPN group). To conclude: 1. TPN reduces antioxidant capacity and induces BT. 2. Glutamine supplementation or light protection do not improve tissue antioxidant capacity under TPN. 3. Glutamine supplementation tends to reduce BT only in the presence of light. 4. Absence of light exposure does not improve BT TPN-related.

Capacidad antioxidante tisular y traslocación bacteriana bajo nutrición parenteral. Estudio experimental / Tissue antioxidant capacity and bacterial translocation under total parenteral nutrition. An experimental study

Durante la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) aparecen alteraciones en la capacidad antioxidante (CA) que pueden depender de la propia NPT o de su exposición a la luz. La traslocación bacteriana (TB) es frecuente bajo NPT y puede estar relacionada con la CA. Se ha estudiado el efecto adverso de la NPT estándar o suplementada con glutamina (SG), con o sin exposición a la luz, sobre la CA, y su relación con la TB. Tras colocar un catéter central a 49 ratas Wistar adultas, se les randomizó para uno de los cinco grupos siguientes:* Sham (n = 16): suero salino.i.v. y dieta oral libre.* NPT (n = 10): NPT estándar expuesta a la luz.* NPT(-) (n = 8): NPT estándar sin exposición a la luz.* GNPT (n = 8): NPT expuesta a la luz y SG.* GTPN(-) (n = 7): NPT sin exposición a la luz y SG.A los diez días se determinó el glutation reducido (GSH) en hígado y riñón y se cultivaron ganglio mesentérico y sangre portal y periférica. Los grupos con NPT tuvieron niveles significativamente más bajos de GSH que el grupo Sham, pero no hubo diferencias entre los grupos con NPT estándar o, ni entre grupos con y sin exposición a la luz. En el grupo Sham la TB fue del 12 por ciento, mientras que en los que recibieron NPT fue mayor (p < 0,05): 70 por ciento en el grupo NPT, 88 por ciento en el NPT(-), 86 por ciento en el GNPT(-) y sólo 50 por ciento en el grupo GNPT (p = 0,06 vs grupo NPT).En conclusión: 1. La NPT disminuye la CA e induce TB. 2. El SG o la protección contra la luz no mejoran la CA tisular bajo NPT: 3. La ausencia de luz no disminuye la TB debida a la NPT. 4. El SG reduce la TB sólo en presencia de luz (AU)

Problemática nutricional del vegetarianismo en el embarazo, la lactancia y la edad infantil / Nutritional concerns regarding vegetarianism during pregnancy, breast-feeding and chilhood

La dieta vegetariana está siendo adoptada por un porcentaje creciente de población. En sus variedades lacto u ovolactovegetariana, el riesgo nutricional puede ser minimizado mediante una buena combinación de alimentos. Sin embargo, una dieta vegetariana estricta puede tener repercusiones negativas sobre todo en periodos de rápido crecimiento, y afectar el desarrollo físico y psicomotor. Deben controlarse de forma especial los requerimientos mínimos de ácidos grasos polinsaturados de larga cadena (PLC), hie-o, cinc y vitamina B 12 (AU)

Polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency during dietary treatment of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Rescue with soybean oil.

Nutritional management of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is based on the avoidance of fasting and substitution of medium-chain triglycerides for long- and very long-chain triglycerides. We report two cases of this disease, which developed omega-6 essential fatty acid deficiency after three and five months from the beginning of nutritional therapy (SHS product: Monogen). This alteration could be especially dangerous in these patients owing to their possible susceptibility to the development of pigmentary retinopathy. The incorporation of linoleic acid as 3-4% of total caloric intake supported as soybean oil ameliorates this deficiency. We wish to remark on this early complication in the nutritional management of VLCAD deficiency and the possibility of rescue by the incorporation of soybean oil into the diet.

Longitudinal study of fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids during pregnancy.

AIM: To assess the modifications of the main fatty acids (FA) in plasma and red blood cells during pregnancy. METHODS: A longitudinal study of 36 normal pregnant women was carried out with 3 cut-off points: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. 14 FA in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids were measured using capillary gas chromatography. Measurements were expressed in percentages and in absolute values. RESULTS: In plasma there was a significant increase in the proportion of saturated FA and a decrease in the proportion of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) both in the omega 6 (omega 6) and omega 3 (omega 3) series. On the other hand, in erythrocyte phospholipids there was a decrease in the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid and an increase in that of docosahexaenoic acid. In the omega 6 series, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid increased, whereas the omega 6 docosapentaenoic acid decreased. CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in the proportion of omega 3 PUFA in plasma from the first to the third trimester. Thus, it is suggested that the omega 3 PUFA intake during pregnancy should be increased in the last trimester.

Increased tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid in umbilical artery and placenta in fetal growth retardation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fatty acid phospholipid composition of the umbilical artery and the placenta in cases of fetal growth retardation (FGR) and of normal growth, as well as in symmetric and asymmetric FGR. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: University hospital. POPULATION: Thirty-nine FGR cases (12 asymmetric, 27 symmetric) and 78 cases with normal growth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thin layer gas-liquid capillary chromatography of phospholipid fatty acids in umbilical artery and placental cotyledons. Newborns were classified as FGR if their weight was under the 10th percentile for our center. FGR was defined as symmetric if the ponderal index was >2.32, and as asymmetric if it was <2.32. RESULTS: In FGR, arachidonic acid was significantly increased both in placenta (24.05%+/-2.78 vs 22.46%+/-2.93) and in umbilical artery (16.76%+/-2.40 vs 15.58%+/-3.67). Indeed this increase was significantly higher in asymmetric than in symmetric FGR (25.70+/-2.32 vs 23.32+/-2.68 in placenta and 18.06+/-1.46 vs 16.14 +/-2.53 in umbilical artery). On the other hand, in the placenta there were a number of differences in the metabolic ratios analyzed when comparing symmetric and asymmetric FGR, indicating a lower DHA availability and a higher n-6 fatty acid elongation and desaturation in asymmetric FGR. CONCLUSION: FGR is characterized by an increase in arachidonic acid both in the placenta and umbilical artery phospolipids, probably reflecting a different mobilization from tissue stores. It is speculated that the different arterial composition could be partially responsible for the increased cardiovascular risk of FGR in adulthood. On the other hand the metabolic status of the placenta concerning polyunsaturated fatty acids was very different in symmetric and asymmetric FGR, suggesting a different pathogenesis.

Tissue antioxidant capacity and bacterial translocation under total parenteral nutrition.

Alterations in the antioxidative system have been observed during total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Light exposure or changes in the composition of TPN formulas may affect this system. Bacterial translocation (BT) is frequent under TPN and may be related to oxidative status. The aim of this study was to determine the adverse effects of standard and glutamine-enriched TPN, with or without light exposure, on oxidative status (liver and kidney-reduced glutathione, GSH) and its relationship to BT. Thirty-three adult Wistar rats underwent central-venous cannulation and were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving different TPN regimes for 10 days. The TPN group (n = 10) had standard TPN, the TPN(-) group (n = 8) standard TPN without light exposure, the GTPN group (n = 8) glutamine-enriched TPN, and the GTPN(-) group (n = 7) glutamine-enriched TPN without light exposure. A sham group (n = 16) receiving chow and water ad libitum and saline i.v. served as controls. At the end of the experiment, GSH was determined in liver and kidney tissue. Mesenteric lymph nodes and peripheral and portal blood samples were cultured for BT. Compared to sham rats, TPN groups had statistically significant lower GSH levels, but there were no differences between standard or glutamine-enriched groups or light-exposure groups. Sham animals had 12% BT. Significantly higher BT (P < 0.05) occurred in TPN rats: 70% in the TPN group, 88% in the TPN(-) group, 86% in GTPN (-) animals, and only 50% in the GTPN group (P = 0.06 vs TPN group). In conclusion, (1) TPN reduces antioxidant capacity; (2) glutamine supplementation or light protection does not improve tissue antioxidant capacity under TPN; (3) the absence of light exposure does not improve TPN-related BT; and (4) glutamine supplementation tends to reduce BT only in the presence of light.

Molecular analysis of hereditary hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome in a large Basque family.

Hereditary hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by constitutively increased serum ferritin values in the absence of iron overload and by bilateral cataract. It has been demonstrated that mutations in the stem loop structure of the iron regulatory element (IRE) located in the 5'-untranslated region of the ferritin L-subunit gene (19q13.1) are responsible for the anomalous expression of this protein. Although not clearly explained, cataract formation seems secondary to the increased levels of ferritin in the lens. We analyzed a large Basque family in order to identify possible germline alterations of the iron regulatory element of the ferritin-L gene in affected individuals and first-degree relatives. All members of the family presented hyperferritinemia and cataract except a young child who had hyperferritinemia but did not present cataract. Sequence analysis permitted the identification of an A40-->G mutation in all members, including this child. This could demonstrate that cataract formation is a consequence of ferritin accumulation in the lens.

Recomendaciones sobre el uso de fórmulas para el tratamiento y prevención de las reacciones adversas a proteínas de leche de vaca / Recommendations on the use of formulas in the treatment and prevention of adverse reactions to cow's proteins

No disponible